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It introduced two new modes of operation, bit mode and compatibility mode, along with a new 4-level paging mode. With bit mode and the new paging mode, it supports vastly larger amounts of virtual memory and physical memory than was possible on its bit predecessors, allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory. Each register can store one or two double-precision numbers or one to four single-precision numbers, or various integer formats.
In bit mode, instructions are modified to support bit operands and bit addressing mode. The compatibility mode defined in the architecture allows and bit user applications to run unmodified, coexisting with bit applications if the bit operating system supports them. Also, a processor supporting x still powers on in real mode for full backward compatibility with the , as x86 processors supporting protected mode have done since the This was the first significant addition to the x86 architecture designed by a company other than Intel.
Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified NetBurst family which was software-compatible with AMD's specification. The x architecture is distinct from the Intel Itanium architecture formerly IA The architectures are not compatible on the native instruction set level, and operating systems and applications compiled for one cannot be run on the other.
Originally announced in [14] with a full specification available in August , [15] the AMD64 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an evolutionary way to add bit computing capabilities to the existing x86 architecture while supporting legacy bit x86 code , as opposed to Intel's approach of creating an entirely new bit architecture with IA The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of bit general-purpose processor registers for example, rax , bit integer arithmetic and logical operations, and bit virtual addresses.
Although virtual addresses are 64 bits wide in bit mode, current implementations and all chips that are known to be in the planning stages do not allow the entire virtual address space of 2 64 bytes 16 EiB to be used. This would be approximately four billion times the size of the virtual address space on bit machines.
Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future, so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit. AMD, therefore, decided that, in the first implementations of the architecture, only the least significant 48 bits of a virtual address would actually be used in address translation page table lookup.
In addition, the AMD specification requires that the most significant 16 bits of any virtual address, bits 48 through 63, must be copies of bit 47 in a manner akin to sign extension. If this requirement is not met, the processor will raise an exception. This is still 65, times larger than the virtual 4 GiB address space of bit machines. This feature eases later scalability to true bit addressing.
Many operating systems including, but not limited to, the Windows NT family take the higher-addressed half of the address space named kernel space for themselves and leave the lower-addressed half user space for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other data regions. Also, enforcing the "canonical form" of addresses by checking the unused address bits prevents their use by the operating system in tagged pointers as flags, privilege markers, etc.
The first versions of Windows for x64 did not even use the full TiB; they were restricted to just 8 TiB of user space and 8 TiB of kernel space. Intel has implemented a scheme with a 5-level page table , which allows Intel 64 processors to support a bit virtual address space.
The operating system can also limit the virtual address space. Details, where applicable, are given in the " Operating system compatibility and characteristics " section. Details on this point are given in the " Operating system compatibility and characteristics " section of this article. Long mode is the architecture's intended primary mode of operation; it is a combination of the processor's native bit mode and a combined bit and bit compatibility mode.
It is used by bit operating systems. Under a bit operating system, bit programs run under bit mode, and bit and bit protected mode applications that do not need to use either real mode or virtual mode in order to execute at any time run under compatibility mode. Real-mode programs and programs that use virtual mode at any time cannot be run in long mode unless those modes are emulated in software. Since the basic instruction set is the same, there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code.
This is unlike Intel's IA , where differences in the underlying instruction set mean that running bit code must be done either in emulation of x86 making the process slower or with a dedicated x86 coprocessor.
However, on the x platform, many x86 applications could benefit from a bit recompile , due to the additional registers in bit code and guaranteed SSE2-based FPU support, which a compiler can use for optimization. However, applications that regularly handle integers wider than 32 bits, such as cryptographic algorithms, will need a rewrite of the code handling the huge integers in order to take advantage of the bit registers.
Legacy mode is the mode that the processor is in when it is not in long mode. Legacy mode allows for a maximum of 32 bit virtual addressing which limits the virtual address space to 4 GiB. Protected mode is made into a submode of legacy mode. Real mode is the initial mode of operation when the processor is initialized, and is a submode of legacy mode. It is backwards compatible with the original Intel and Intel processors.
Real mode is primarily used today by operating system bootloaders, which are required by the architecture to configure virtual memory details before transitioning to higher modes. This mode is also used by any operating system that needs to communicate with the system firmware with a traditional BIOS -style interface. Intel 64 is Intel's implementation of x, used and implemented in various processors made by Intel. Historically, AMD has developed and produced processors with instruction sets patterned after Intel's original designs, but with x, roles were reversed: Intel found itself in the position of adopting the ISA that AMD created as an extension to Intel's own x86 processor line.
After several years of denying its existence, Intel announced at the February IDF that the project was indeed underway. Intel's chairman at the time, Craig Barrett , admitted that this was one of their worst-kept secrets. Intel's name for this instruction set has changed several times. The first processor to implement Intel 64 was the multi-socket processor Xeon code-named Nocona in June In contrast, the initial Prescott chips February did not enable this feature.
Intel's official launch of Intel 64 under the name EM64T at that time in mainstream desktop processors was the N0 stepping Prescott-2M. The first Intel mobile processor implementing Intel 64 is the Merom version of the Core 2 processor, which was released on July 27, VIA Technologies introduced their first implementation of the x architecture in after five years of development by its CPU division, Centaur Technology.
The processor supports a number of VIA-specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low-power appliances. It is expected that the Isaiah architecture will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in floating-point performance as the previous-generation VIA Esther at an equivalent clock speed.
The features exposed by each level are as follows: [41]. All levels include features found in the previous levels. Although nearly identical, there are some differences between the two instruction sets in the semantics of a few seldom used machine instructions or situations , which are mainly used for system programming.
This is therefore of interest mainly to developers of compilers, operating systems and similar, which must deal with individual and special system instructions. Intel's Xeon Phi "Knights Corner" coprocessors, which implement a subset of x with some vector extensions, [69] are also used, along with x processors, in the Tianhe-2 supercomputer.
The following operating systems and releases support the x architecture in long mode. Preliminary infrastructure work was started in February for a x port. FreeBSD first added x support under the name "amd64" as an experimental architecture in 5. It was included as a standard distribution architecture as of 5. The 6. Work is currently being done to integrate more fully the x86 application binary interface ABI , in the same manner as the Linux bit ABI compatibility currently works.
As of NetBSD 2. The NX bit is used to provide non-executable stack and heap with per-page granularity segment granularity being used on bit x Complete in-tree implementation of AMD64 support was achieved prior to the hardware's initial release because AMD had loaned several machines for the project's hackathon that year.
DOS itself is not aware of that, and no benefits should be expected unless running DOS in an emulation with an adequate virtualization driver backend, for example: the mass storage interface. Linux was the first operating system kernel to run the x architecture in long mode , starting with the 2. This permits programs to be recompiled into long mode while retaining the use of bit programs.
Several Linux distributions currently ship with xnative kernels and userlands. Some, such as Arch Linux , [79] SUSE , Mandriva , and Debian allow users to install a set of bit components and libraries when installing off a bit DVD, thus allowing most existing bit applications to run alongside the bit OS.
Other distributions, such as Fedora , Slackware and Ubuntu , are available in one version compiled for a bit architecture and another compiled for a bit architecture. Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux allow concurrent installation of all userland components in both 32 and bit versions on a bit system. Mac OS X No other libraries or frameworks work with bit applications in Mac OS X The kernel, and all kernel extensions, are bit only. However, not all bit computers can run the bit kernel, and not all bit computers that can run the bit kernel will do so by default.
OS X This removal of support has presented a problem for WineHQ and the commercial version CrossOver , as it needs to still be able to run bit Windows applications. The solution, termed wine32on64 , was to add thunks that bring the CPU in and out of bit compatibility mode in the nominally bit application.
In Mac OS X Solaris 10 and later releases support the x architecture. The default behavior is to boot a bit kernel, allowing both bit and existing or new bit executables to be run.
A bit kernel can also be manually selected, in which case only bit executables will run. The isainfo command can be used to determine if a system is running a bit kernel. For Solaris 11, only the bit kernel is provided. However, the bit kernel supports both and bit executables, libraries, and system calls. Windows Vista , which also has many different editions, was released in January Windows 7 was released in July Windows Server R2 was sold in only x64 and Itanium editions; later versions of Windows Server only offer an x64 edition.
Under Windows 8. Since AMD64 and Intel 64 are substantially similar, many software and hardware products use one vendor-neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations. The term IA refers to the Itanium processor, and should not be confused with x, as it is a completely different instruction set. Many operating systems and products, especially those that introduced x support prior to Intel's entry into the market, use the term "AMD64" or "amd64" to refer to both AMD64 and Intel Intel entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, licensing to AMD their patents on existing x86 techniques, and licensing from AMD their patents on techniques used in x From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Type of instruction set which is a bit version of the x86 instruction set.
Windows XP bit ISO Free Download Pro Edition - Softlay
In January , shortly prior to the official release of Windows , technology writer Paul Thurrott reported that Microsoft had shelved both Neptune and Odyssey in favor of a new product codenamed "Whistler", named after Whistler, British Columbia , as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort.
Thurrott stated that Neptune had become "a black hole when all the features that were cut from Windows Me were simply re-tagged as Neptune features. And since Neptune and Odyssey would be based on the same code-base anyway, it made sense to combine them into a single project".
At PDC on July 13, , Microsoft announced that Whistler would be released during the second half of , and also unveiled the first preview build, , which featured an early implementation of Windows XP's visual styles system and interface changes to Windows Explorer and the Control Panel.
Microsoft released the first public beta build of Whistler, build , on October 31, Subsequent builds gradually introduced features that users of the release version of Windows XP would recognize, such as Internet Explorer 6. Microsoft had originally planned to use the slogan "Prepare to Fly", but it was replaced because of sensitivity issues in the wake of the September 11 attacks.
During a ceremonial media event at Microsoft Redmond Campus , copies of the RTM build were given to representatives of several major PC manufacturers in briefcases , who then flew off on decorated helicopters.
While PC manufacturers would be able to release devices running XP beginning on September 24, , XP was expected to reach general, retail availability on October 25, On the same day, Microsoft also announced the final retail pricing of XP's two main editions, "Home" as a replacement for Windows Me for home computing and "Professional" as a replacement for Windows for high-end users.
While retaining some similarities to previous versions, Windows XP's interface was overhauled with a new visual appearance, with an increased use of alpha compositing effects, drop shadows , and " visual styles ", which completely changed the appearance of the operating system.
The number of effects enabled are determined by the operating system based on the computer's processing power, and can be enabled or disabled on a case-by-case basis.
XP also added ClearType , a new subpixel rendering system designed to improve the appearance of fonts on liquid-crystal displays. The Start menu received its first major overhaul in XP, switching to a two-column layout with the ability to list, pin, and display frequently used applications, recently opened documents, and the traditional cascading "All Programs" menu.
The taskbar can now group windows opened by a single application into one taskbar button, with a popup menu listing the individual windows. The notification area also hides "inactive" icons by default. A "common tasks" list was added, and Windows Explorer 's sidebar was updated to use a new task-based design with lists of common actions; the tasks displayed are contextually relevant to the type of content in a folder e. Fast user switching allows additional users to log into a Windows XP machine without existing users having to close their programs and log out.
Although only one user at the time can use the console i. Windows XP uses prefetching to improve startup and application launch times. All Windows licenses must be tied to a unique ID generated using information from the computer hardware , transmitted either via the internet or a telephone hotline.
If Windows is not activated within 30 days of installation, the OS will cease to function until it is activated. Windows also periodically verifies the hardware to check for changes.
If significant hardware changes are detected, the activation is voided, and Windows must be re-activated. To enable running software that targets or locks out specific versions of Windows, "Compatibility mode" has been added. The feature allows pretending a selected earlier version of Windows to software, starting at Windows While this ability was first introduced in Windows Service Pack 2, it had to be activated through the " register server " and was only available to administrator users, whereas Windows XP has it activated out of the box and also grants it to regular users.
Some of the programs and features that were part of the previous versions of Windows did not make it to Windows XP. Both editions were made available at retail as pre-loaded software on new computers and as boxed copies. Boxed copies were sold as "Upgrade" or "Full" licenses; the "Upgrade" versions were slightly cheaper, but require an existing version of Windows to install.
The "Full" version can be installed on systems without an operating system or existing version of Windows. Windows 98 or Me can be upgraded to either edition, but Windows NT 4.
Two specialized variants of XP were introduced in for certain types of hardware, exclusively through OEM channels as pre-loaded software. The OS is primarily aimed at first-time computer owners, containing heavy localization including wallpapers and screen savers incorporating images of local landmarks , and a "My Support" area which contains video tutorials on basic computing tasks.
It also removes certain "complex" features, and does not allow users to run more than three applications at a time. After a pilot program in India and Thailand , Starter was released in other emerging markets throughout As a result of unfair competition lawsuits in Europe and South Korea , which both alleged that Microsoft had improperly leveraged its status in the PC market to favor its own bundled software, Microsoft was ordered to release special editions of XP in these markets that excluded certain applications.
Consumer interest was minuscule, with roughly 1, units shipped to OEMs , and no reported sales to consumers. A service pack is a cumulative update package that is a superset of all updates, and even service packs, that have been released before it.
Service Pack 3 is slightly different, in that it needs at least Service Pack 1 to have been installed, in order to update a live OS. It contained over minor, post-RTM bug fixes, along with all security patches released since the original release of XP.
SP1 also added USB 2. This feature was added to comply with the settlement of United States v. Microsoft Corp. The security improvements codenamed "Springboard", [78] as these features were intended to underpin additional changes in Longhorn included a major revision to the included firewall renamed Windows Firewall, and now enabled by default , and an update to Data Execution Prevention , which gained hardware support in the NX bit that can stop some forms of buffer overflow attacks.
Raw socket support is removed which supposedly limits the damage done by zombie machines and the Windows Messenger service which had been abused to cause pop-up advertisements to be displayed as system messages without a web browser or any additional software became disabled by default. Additionally, security-related improvements were made to e-mail and web browsing. Service Pack 2 also added Security Center , an interface that provides a general overview of the system's security status, including the state of the firewall and automatic updates.
Third-party firewall and antivirus software can also be monitored from Security Center. This was done so that the browser would not violate a patent owned by Eolas. The third and final Service Pack, SP3, was released through different channels between April [3] and June , [83] about a year after the release of Windows Vista , and about a year before the release of Windows 7. Service Pack 3 was not available for Windows XP x64 Edition, which was based on the Windows Server kernel and, as a result, used its service packs [84] rather than the ones for the other editions.
It began being automatically pushed out to Automatic Updates users on July 10, In incorporating all previously released updates not included in SP2, Service Pack 3 included many other key features. Windows Imaging Component allowed camera vendors to integrate their own proprietary image codecs with the operating system's features, such as thumbnails and slideshows.
NET Framework version 1. Allen, was a former Microsoft employee in Software Quality Assurance and would comb through the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles daily and download new hotfixes Microsoft would put online within the articles. Microsoft publicly stated at the time that the SP3 pack was unofficial and users should not install it. The maximum amount of RAM that Windows XP can support varies depending on the product edition and the processor architecture. However, XP supports a greater number of logical processors : bit editions support up to 32 logical processors, [] and bit editions support up to 64 logical processors.
Several Windows XP components are upgradable to latest versions, which include new versions introduced in later versions of Windows, and other major Microsoft applications are available. These latest versions for Windows XP include:. Support for the original release of Windows XP without a service pack ended on August 30, Analysts felt that the move was primarily intended to compete against Linux -based netbooks, although Microsoft's Kevin Hutz stated that the decision was due to apparent market demand for low-end computers with Windows.
However, Microsoft advised Windows XP users against installing these fixes, citing incompatibility issues. On April 14, , Windows XP exited mainstream support and entered the extended support phase; Microsoft continued to provide security updates every month for Windows XP, however, free technical support, warranty claims, and design changes were no longer being offered. Extended support ended on April 8, , over 12 years after the release of Windows XP; normally Microsoft products have a support life cycle of only 10 years.
Plans were being made by several ATM vendors and their customers to migrate to Windows 7-based systems over the course of , while vendors have also considered the possibility of using Linux-based platforms in the future to give them more flexibility for support lifecycles, and the ATM Industry Association ATMIA has since endorsed Windows 10 as a further replacement. These holdouts were influenced by several factors; prices of genuine copies of later versions of Windows in the country are high, while Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government , [] and the Chinese government would ban the purchase of Windows 8 products for government use in May in protest of Microsoft's inability to provide "guaranteed" support.
As such, government officials formally requested that Microsoft extend the support period for XP for these reasons. While Microsoft did not comply with their requests, a number of major Chinese software developers, such as Lenovo, Kingsoft and Tencent , will provide free support and resources for Chinese users migrating from XP.
On March 8, , Microsoft deployed an update for XP that, on the 8th of each month, displays a pop-up notification to remind users about the end of support; however, these notifications may be disabled by the user. Despite the approaching end of support, there were still notable holdouts that had not migrated past XP; many users elected to remain on XP because of the poor reception of Windows Vista , sales of newer PCs with newer versions of Windows declined because of the Great Recession and the effects of Vista, and deployments of new versions of Windows in enterprise environments require a large amount of planning, which includes testing applications for compatibility especially those that are dependent on Internet Explorer 6, which is not compatible with newer versions of Windows.
Similarly, specialized devices that run XP, particularly medical devices , must have any revisions to their software—even security updates for the underlying operating system—approved by relevant regulators before they can be released. For this reason, manufacturers often did not allow any updates to devices' operating systems, leaving them open to security exploits and malware. Despite the end of support for Windows XP, Microsoft has released three emergency security updates for the operating system to patch major security vulnerabilities:.
Researchers reported in August that Windows 10 users may be at risk for "critical" system compromise because of design flaws of hardware device drivers from multiple providers. On release, Windows XP received critical acclaim.
CNET described the operating system as being "worth the hype", considering the new interface to be "spiffier" and more intuitive than previous versions, but feeling that it may "annoy" experienced users with its "hand-holding". XP's expanded multimedia support and CD burning functionality were also noted, along with its streamlined networking tools. The performance improvements of XP in comparison to and Me were also praised, along with its increased number of built-in device drivers in comparison to The software compatibility tools were also praised, although it was noted that some programs, particularly older MS-DOS software, may not work correctly on XP because of its differing architecture.
They panned Windows XP's new licensing model and product activation system, considering it to be a "slightly annoying roadblock", but acknowledged Microsoft's intent for the changes. Despite extended support for Windows XP ending in , many users — including some enterprises — were reluctant to move away from an operating system they viewed as a stable known quantity despite the many security and functionality improvements in subsequent releases of Windows. Windows XP's longevity was viewed as testament to its stability and Microsoft's successful attempts to keep it up to date, but also as an indictment of its direct successor's perceived failings.
According to web analytics data generated by Net Applications , Windows XP was the most widely used operating system until August , when Windows 7 overtook it later overtaken by Windows 10 , [] while StatCounter indicates it happening almost a year earlier.
Anonymous users managed to compile the code, as well as a Twitter user who posted videos of the process on YouTube proving that the code was genuine. The leak was incomplete as it was missing the Winlogon source code and some other components. Microsoft issued a statement stating that it was investigating the leaks.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 August Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative [1]. Main article: Development of Windows XP. Main article: Features new to Windows XP. Main article: List of features removed in Windows XP. Main article: Windows XP editions.
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In a later section of the paper, superior performance over Windows Me was noted with MB of RAM or more, and with computers that exceed the minimum hardware requirements. Microsoft TechNet. Archived from the original on July 27, Retrieved April 8, October 29, Archived from the original on April 21, Retrieved April 6, April 18, Archived from the original on November 24, Retrieved December 1, Archived from the original on May 13, Programmer Stuffs.
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Windows XP customers also run a significant risk of functionality issues with their machines if they install these updates, as they are not tested against Windows XP. The best way for Windows XP customers to protect their systems is to upgrade to a more modern operating system, like Windows 7 or Windows 8.
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Processes created on the bit editions of Windows Vista can have 8 TB in virtual memory for user processes and 8 TB for kernel processes to create a virtual memory of 16 TB. The Commission concluded that Microsoft "broke European Union competition law by leveraging its near monopoly in the market for PC operating systems onto the markets for work group server operating systems and for media players. Unlike that decision, however, Microsoft was also forced to withdraw the non-compliant versions of Windows from the South Korean market.
As a continuance of these requirements, Microsoft released "N" and "KN" variants of some editions of Windows Vista that exclude Windows Media Player, as well as "K" and "KN" editions that include links to third-party media player and instant messaging software. Two additional editions of Windows Vista have been released for use by developers of embedded devices. These are binary identical editions to those available in retail, but licensed exclusively for use in embedded devices.
Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows Vista does not support compliance checking during installation; compliance checking previously allowed users to insert a disc as evidence that the operating system was being upgraded over a previous version, which would allow users to enter an upgrade license to perform a clean install.
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